| Processors | high | Huawei Ascend growing domestically; export controls limit access to US chips | GPUs, TPUs, AI accelerators. NVIDIA has 94% of discrete GPU market. CUDA ecosystem creates massive switching costs. | 5 |
| Raw Materials | critical | 61% of rare earth mining, 90%+ of refining, 94% of permanent magnets | Rare earths, copper, silicon, uranium - the physical foundation. Shortages here constrain everything above. 29 years average to permit a new US copper mine. | 1 |
| Foundries | critical | Growing domestic capacity but blocked from <7nm by EUV restrictions | Chip manufacturing facilities. TSMC fabricates 92% of world's most advanced chips. Single-point-of-failure geography risk (Taiwan). | 3 |
| Software & Models | low | Competitive - DeepSeek R1 matched OpenAI capabilities | AI frameworks, foundation models, applications, agents. Most visible layer but dependent on all layers below. DeepSeek showed Chinese capability matching US at fraction of cost. | 9 |
Name | Stack Position | Bottleneck Severity | China Control | Description |
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